Immunogens for hiv vaccination

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel immunogens based on overlapping peptides (OLPs) and peptides derived therefrom useful for the prevention and treatment of AIDS and its related opportunistic diseases. The invention also relates to isolated nucleic acids, vectors and host cells expressing these immunogens as well as vaccines including the immunogens.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel immunogens based on overlapping peptides (OLPs) and peptides derived therefrom. It also relates to isolated nucleic acids expressing these immunogens as well as vectors and cells comprising such nucleic acids. The compounds of the present invention are useful as vaccines, particularly for the prevention and treatment of AIDS and opportunistic diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

HIV infection induces strong and broadly directed, HLA class I restricted T cell responses for which specific epitopes and restricting HLA alleles have been implicated in the relative in vivo control. See Brander C, et al., Current Opinion Immunol. 2006; 18:1-8. While the bulk of the anti-viral CTL response appears to be HLA-B restricted, the relative contribution of targeted viral regions and restricting HLA molecules on the effectiveness of these responses remains obscure. See Kiepiela P, et al., Nature 2004; 432:769-775 and Ngumbela K, et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 2008; 24:72-82.

In addition, the role that HIV sequence diversity plays in the in vivo relevance of virus-specific T cell immunity is unclear, as functional constraints of escape variants, codon-usage at individual protein positions, T cell receptor (TCR) plasticity and functional avidity and cross-reactivity potential may all contribute to the overall effectiveness of a specific T cell response. See Brockman M, et al., J. Virol. 2007; 81: 12608-12618 and Yerly D, et al., J. Virol. 2008; 82:3147-3153. Of note, T cell responses to HIV Gag have most consistently been associated with reduced viral loads in both, HIV Glade B and Glade C infected cohorts. See Zuniga R, et al., J. Virol. 2006; 80:3122-3125 and Kiepiela P, et al., Nat. Med. 2007; 13:46-53.

However, none of these analyses assessed the role of responses to shorter regions of the targeted protein(s) that may induce particularly effective responses. In addition, it is unclear whether the relative benefit of Gag is due to any other specific characteristic of this protein, such as expression levels, amino acid composition and inherently greater immunogenicity. It is thus feasible that protein subunits outside of Gag and within these, specific short epitope-rich regions could be identified that: i) induce responses predominantly seen in HIV controllers and ii) which would be detectable in individuals of diverse HLA types, not limited to individuals expressing alleles previously associated with effective viral control.

While some of the earlier studies have indeed controlled for a potential over-representation of Gag-derived epitopes presented on “good” HLA class I alleles, concerns remain that a purely Gag-based HIV vaccine might mainly benefit those people with an advantageous HLA genotype and will not take advantage of potentially beneficial targets outside of Gag. See Kiepiela, 2007, supra and Honeyborne I, et al., J. Virol. 2007; 81:3667-3672. In addition, CTL escape and viral fitness studies have largely been limited to Gag-derived epitopes presented in the context of relatively protective HLA alleles such as HLA-B57 and -B27. See Schneidewind A, et al., J. Virol. 2007; 81:12382-12393 and Leslie A, et al., Nat. Med. 2004; 10:282-289. The available information may thus not provide relevant information for immunogen sequences designed to protect the genetically diverse majority of the human host population.

Furthermore, many studies have focused on immunodominant targets only, despite some recent studies in HIV and SIV infection demonstrating a crucial contribution of sub-dominant responses in in vivo viral control, among them targets located outside of Gag. See Frahm N, et al., Nat. Immunol. 2006; 7:173-178 and Friedrich T, et al., J. Virol. 2007; 81:3465-3476. Together, the current view on what may constitute a protective cellular immune response to HIV is thus quite likely biased towards a focus on immunodominant responses and on responses restricted by frequent HLA class I alleles and HLA alleles associated with superior disease outcome. Therefore, the development of HIV vaccines is limited in part by the lack of immunogens capable of inducing a broad immune response. The present invention addresses the design of such immunogens.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the invention relates to an immunogenic polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising the sequences SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants of said SEQ ID NO:1-16, wherein each of said variants has a length of at least 8 amino acids, with the provisos that said amino acid sequence does not comprise any sequence stretches derived from the HIV genome of a length of 8 or more amino acids other than an amino acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or the variants thereof.

In a second aspect, the invention relates to an immunogenic polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of the SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants thereof wherein said variant has a length of at least 8 amino acids, with the provisos that:

-   -   i) said immunogen amino acid sequence does not comprise any         sequence stretches derived from the HIV genome of a length of 8         or more amino acids other than an amino acid sequence according         to any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or a variant or a fragment thereof,         and     -   ii) when the immunogen comprises only one sequence selected from         the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16, then this sequence is         not selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6 and         16.

In further aspects, the invention relates to nucleic acids encoding for the immunogens of the first aspect and second aspects, and to expression cassettes, vectors, a viruses and cells comprising said nucleic acids.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a vaccine comprising an immunogenic polypeptide according to any of claims 1 to 11 and one or more adjuvants.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to the immunogenic polypeptide, the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the expression vector, the virus or the cell of the third aspect, or the composition vaccine for use in medicine.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to the immunogenic polypeptide, the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the expression vector, the virus or the cell of the third aspect, or the composition vaccine for use in the prevention or treatment of an HIV infection or a disease associated with an HIV infection.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a kit comprising the immunogen of the first and/or second aspects, the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the expression vector, the virus or the cell of the third aspect, or the composition of the fourth aspect.

DEPOSIT OF MICROORGANISMS

The plasmid 298H GMCSF-HIVACAT DNA was deposited on Jan. 13, 2012, under accession number DSM 25555 at the DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen, Inhoffenstraβe 7 B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the gene included in the expression plasmid. Dots identify start and stop codons.

FIG. 2. Cellular immune responses analyzed in pooled splenocytes by flow cytometric analysis. Frequency of total Gag, Pol, and Nef-Tat-Vif specific interferon gamma responses among groups in (a) and distribution of CD4 and CD8 responses in (b) are shown.

FIG. 3. Responses to Gag, Pol, NTV and the HIVACAT T cell immunogen sequence measured by interferon gamma ELISpot assay in murine splenocytes. The individual mice were immunized with the plasmids encoding for the full Gag, Pol and Nef-Tat-Vif polypeptide. Contribution of the responses targeting the regions included in the HIVACAT T cell immunogen to the total interferon gamma Gag-Pol-NTV specific response is shown.

FIG. 4. Comparison of the breadth in (a) and magnitude in (b) of the interferon gamma responses targeting the HIVACAT T cell immunogen in immunized mice. The subjects were treated with either the plasmids encoding the full proteins or the minimal T cell sequence.

FIG. 5. Balance of interferon gamma responses against Gag, Pol, Vif or Nef for mice immunized with 20 μg of plasmids encoding full Gag, Pol plus Nef-Tat-Vif polypeptide and HIVACAT T cell immunogen. Dominance of Gag-specific responses in shown in panel (a) for mice immunized with full proteins whereas a more balance repertoire in seen in panel (b) for mice immunized with the HIVACAT T cell immunogen.

FIG. 6. Binding antibodies to p24, p37 and p55 detected by Western immunoblot by using cell extracts from HEK 293 cells transfected with the 1 mg of gag and gag-pol expression vectors (showing p55 gag, and processed p24, p37 and p55 gag subunits) separated on 12% SDS-Page and probing the membranes with a) human sera of and HIV-infected patient, b) pooled sera from mice immunized with high doses of the immunogen and c) pooled sera from mice immunized with low doses of the immunogen (all at a 1:100 dilution).

FIG. 7. a) Endpoint titers of Gag-p24 specific binding antibody from treated mice. The determination was performed by ELISA from individual serial 4-fold diluted pooled serum samples. b) In house developed gag p55 ELISA using the HIV-1IIIB pr55 Gag recombinant protein (Cat. No. 3276, NIH Reagent Program, Bethesda, Md., US). The determination was performed in individual mice sera at 1:100 dilution.

FIG. 8. a) Schematic representation of mice immunizations. Groups of six C57BL/6 mice were used to compare immunogenicity of the different heterologous combinations (2×DNA prime vs 3×DNA prime followed by 1×MVA boost) using either 100 μg of pDNA-HIVACAT or 10̂6 pfu of MVA-HIVACAT by intramuscular injection. b) Comparison of the breadth and magnitude of the IFNγ responses targeting HIVACAT T cell immunogen in individual immunized mice. c) Distribution of Gag, Pol, Vif and Nef specific responses in individual immunized mice. d) Distribution among the 8 protein subunits included in the HIVACAT T cell immunogen (Gag p17, Gag p24, Gag p2p7p1p6, Pol-Protease, Pol-RT, Pol-Integrase, Vif and Nef) in different immunization groups is shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention discloses several immunogenic compounds effective for inducing a high immune response against HIV in a broad range of subjects. In particular, HIV-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses to key HIV-encoded epitopes have been obtained with these compounds.

1. DEFINITIONS OF GENERAL TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS

The term “adjuvant”, as used herein, refers to an immunological agent that modifies the effect of an immunogen, while having few if any direct effects when administered by itself. It is often included in vaccines to enhance the recipient's immune response to a supplied antigen, while keeping the injected foreign material to a minimum. Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the immune system's response to the target antigen, but do not in themselves confer immunity. Non-limiting examples of useful adjuvants include mineral salts, polynucleotides, polyarginines, ISCOMs, saponins, monophosphoryl lipid A, imiquimod, CCR-5 inhibitors, toxins, polyphosphazenes, cytokines, immunoregulatory proteins, immunostimulatory fusion proteins, co-stimulatory molecules, and combinations thereof. Mineral salts include, but are not limited to, AIK(SO₄)₂, AlNa(SO₄)₂, AlNH(SO₄)₂, silica, alum, Al(OH)₃, Ca₃(PO₄)₂, kaolin, or carbon. Useful immunostimulatory polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, CpG oligonucleotides with or without immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), CpG oligonucleotides with or without polyarginine, poly IC or poly AU acids. Toxins include cholera toxin. Saponins include, but are not limited to, QS21, QS17 or QS7. An example of a useful immunostimulatory fusion protein is the fusion protein of IL-2 with the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin. Useful immunoregulatory molecules include, but are not limited to, CD40L and CD1a ligand. Cytokines useful as adjuvants include, but are not limited to, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, GMCSF, IL-12, IL-15, IGF-1, IFN-α, IFN-β, and interferon gamma. Also, examples of are muramyl dipeptides, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-DMP), N-acetyl-nornuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (CGP 11687, also referred to as nor-MDP), N-acetylmuramyul-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1 ‘2’-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine (CGP 19835A, also referred to as MTP-PE), RIBI (MPL+TDM+CWS) in a 2 percent squalene/TWEEN® 80 emulsion, lipopolysaccharides and its various derivatives, including lipid A, Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA), Freund's Incomplete Adjuvants, Merck Adjuvant 65, polynucleotides (e.g. poly IC and poly AU acids), wax D from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, substances found in Corynebacterium parvum, Bordetella pertussis, and members of the genus Brucella, Titermax, Quil A, ALUN, Lipid A derivatives, choleratoxin derivatives, HSP derivatives, LPS derivatives, synthetic peptide matrixes or GMDP, Montanide ISA-51 and QS-21, CpG oligonucleotide, poly I:C, and GMCSF. See Osol A., Ed., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., US, 1980, pp. 1324-1341), Hunter R, U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,372, and Jager E, Knuth A, WO1997028816. Combinations of adjuvants can also be used.

The term “AIDS”, as used herein, refers to the symptomatic phase of HIV infection, and includes both Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (commonly known as AIDS) and “ARC,” or AIDS-Related Complex. See Adler M, et al., Brit. Med. J. 1987; 294: 1145-1147. The immunological and clinical manifestations of AIDS are well known in the art and include, for example, opportunistic infections and cancers resulting from immune deficiency.

The term “amino acid linker”, as used herein, refers to an amino acid sequence other than that appearing at a particular position in the natural protein and is generally designed to be flexible or to interpose a structure, such as an α-helix, between two protein moieties. A linker is also referred to as a spacer. The linker is typically non-antigenic and can be of essentially any length (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more amino acids). The linker may also be a location or sequence where the cellular antigen processing machinery can initiate the degradation of the immunogenic polypeptide without destroying potent T cell epitopes).

The term “antiretroviral resistance mutation site”, as used herein, relates to a site that, when mutated, confers resistance to an antiretroviral agent. Such sites can be identified by mining known databases such as the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database, where, for example, sequences and treatments from viruses with specific mutations or drug susceptibility data for isolates with selected mutations can be retrieved. Assays for testing drug resistance of HIV are known in the art. See Dong J, US 20040106136 and Shafer R, Assay for Antiretroviral Resistance, HIV InSite Knowledge Base Chapter (http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-02-02-03, January 2012). Already known antiretroviral resistance mutation sites in HIV are regularly published by the World Health Organization or the by the International Antiviral Society-USA (e.g. Johnson V, et al., ISA-USA Topics Antiviral Med. 2011; 19(4): 153-164.

The expression “cellular immune response”, as used herein, describes an immune response against foreign antigen(s) that is mediated by T cells and their secretion products.

The term “center-of-tree sequence” or “COT”, as used herein, refers to a sequence from which the average evolutionary distance to each tip of a phylogenetic diagram of related variant sequences has been minimized. See Nickle D, et al., Science 2003; 299, 1515-1517.

The term “codon optimized”, as used herein, relates to the alteration of codons in nucleic acid molecules to reflect the typical codon usage of the host organism without altering the polypeptide encoded by the DNA, to improve expression. A plethora of methods and software tools for codon optimization have been reported previously. See Narum D, et al., Infect. Immun. 2001; 69(12):7250-7253, Outchkourov N, et al., Protein Expr. Purif. 2002; 24(1):18-24, Feng L, et al., Biochemistry 2000; 39(50):15399-15409, and Humphreys D, et al., Protein Expr. Purif. 2000; 20(2):252-2.

The term “comprising” or “comprises”, as used herein, discloses also “consisting of” according to the generally accepted patent practice.

The expression “disease associated with a HIV infection”, as used herein, includes a state in which the subject has developed AIDS, but also includes a state in which the subject infected with HIV has not shown any sign or symptom of the disease. Thus, the vaccine of the invention when administered to a subject that has no clinical signs of the infection can have a preventive activity, since they can prevent the onset of the disease. The immunogenic compositions are capable of preventing or slowing the infection and destruction of healthy CD4+ T cells in such a subject. It also refers to the prevention and slowing the onset of symptoms of the acquired immunodeficiency disease such as extreme low CD4+ T cell count and repeated infections by opportunistic pathogens such as Mycobacteria spp., Pneumocystis carinii, and Pneumocystis cryptococcus. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, an increase in absolute naïve CD4+ T cell count (range 10-3520), an increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cell over total circulating immune cells (range 1-50 percent), and/or an increase in CD4+ T cell count as a percentage of normal CD4+ T cell count in an uninfected subject (range 1-161 percent).

The terms “variant” or “fragment”, as used herein, refer to a polypeptide derived from any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 by deletion of one or more terminal amino acids at the N-terminus or at the C-terminus of an individual SEQ ID NO. Variant or fragments preferably have a length of at least 8 amino acids or up to 10%, up to 20%, up to 30%, up to 40%, up to 50%, up to 60%, up to 70%, up to 80%, up to 90%, or up to 99% of its respective SEQ ID NO.

The term “HIV genome”, as used herein, refers to a RNA sequence approximately 8749 nucleotide long enclosed by the HIV capsid and encoding the genes gag, pol, env, tat, rev, vif, nef, vpr, vpu, vpx, and optionally, tev. The HIV genome sequence underlies high variability, for this reason, the HIV genome referred to in the invention is not limited to any specific sequence. Preferred sequences are those of the HIV types and subtypes recited herein.

The term “human immunodeficiency virus” or “HIV”, as used herein, refer human immunodeficiency viruses generically and includes HIV type 1 (“HIV-1”), HIV type 2 (“HIV-2”) or other HIV viruses, including, for example, the HIV-1, HIV-2, emerging HIV and other HIV subtypes and HIV variants, such as widely dispersed or geographically isolated variants and simian immunodeficiency virus (“SIV”). For example, an ancestral viral gene sequence can be determined for the env and gag genes of HIV-1, such as for HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, and K, and intersubtype recombinants such as AG, AGI, and for groups M, N, O or for HIV-2 viruses or HIV-2 subtypes A or B. HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV include, but are not limited to, extracellular virus particles and the forms of the viruses associated with their respective infected cells.

The “humoral immune response”, as used herein, describes an immune response against foreign antigen(s) that is mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.

The term “immunogenic composition”, as used herein, refers to a composition that elicits an immune response that produces antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses against a specific immunogen.

The term “immunogenic polypeptide” or “immunogen”, as used herein, refers to a polypeptide antigen that is able to induce an adaptive immune response (i.e. a humoral or cell-mediated immune response), if injected on its own or with an adjuvant.

The term “kit”, as used herein, refers to a combination of articles that facilitate a process, method or application. These kits provide the materials necessary for carrying out the application described in the present invention.

The term “operably linked”, as used herein, is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g. in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell). See Auer H, Nature Biotechnol. 2006; 24: 41-43.

The term “peptide tag” or “tag”, as use herein, refers to a peptide or amino acid sequence, which can be used in the isolation or purification of said immunogen. Thus, said tag is capable of binding to one or more ligands, for example, one or more ligands of an affinity matrix such as a chromatography support or bead with high affinity. Illustrative, non-limitative, examples of tags useful for isolating or purifying a protein include Arg-tag, FLAG-tag, His-tag, or Strep-tag; an epitope capable of being recognized by an antibody, such as c-myc-tag (recognized by an anti-c-myc antibody), SBP-tag, S-tag, calmodulin binding peptide, cellulose binding domain, chitin binding domain, glutathione S-transferase-tag, maltose binding protein, NusA, TrxA, DsbA or Avi-tag; an amino acid sequence, such as AHGHRP (SEQ ID NO:53), PIHDHDHPHLVIHS (SEQ ID NO:54), or GMTCXXC (SEQ ID NO:55); or β-galactosidase. See Terpe K, et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003; 60:523-525.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” “pharmaceutically acceptable diluent,” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient”, or “pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle,” as used interchangeably herein, refer to a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any conventional type. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is essentially non-toxic to recipients at the employed dosages and concentrations and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation. For example, the carrier for a formulation containing polypeptides would not include normally oxidizing agents and other compounds known to be deleterious to polypeptides. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, dextrose, glycerol, saline, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The carrier can contain additional agents such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants that enhance the effectiveness of the formulation.

The terms “prevent,” “preventing,” and “prevention”, as used herein, refer to inhibiting the inception or decreasing the occurrence of a disease in an animal. Prevention may be complete (e.g. the total absence of pathological cells in a subject). The prevention may also be partial, such that for example the occurrence of pathological cells in a subject is less than that which would have occurred without the present invention. Prevention also refers to reduced susceptibility to a clinical condition.

The term “secretion signal peptide” refers to a highly hydrophobic amino acid sequence (e.g. preferably 15 to 60 amino acids long) of proteins that must cross through membranes to arrive at their functioning cellular location. By binding to signal recognition particles, these sequences direct nascent protein-ribosome complexes to a membrane where the protein is inserted during translation. Signal peptides direct translational uptake of the protein by various membranes (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome). Leader signal sequences on non-membrane proteins are ultimately removed by specific peptidases. Some signal peptides used include MCP-3 chemokine, for promoting secretion and attraction of antigen presenting cells; a catenin (CATE)-derived peptide for increased proteasomal degradation; and the lysosomal associated protein, LAMP1 for targeting the MHC II compartment. See Rosati M, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009; 106:15831-15836.

The expression “sequential administration”, as used herein, means that the administration is not simultaneous, but a first administration is performed, followed by one or more successive administrations.

The expression “substantially preserves the immunological capabilities of the immunogenic polypeptide”, as used herein, means that the variant shows at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or 100% of the ability of the immunogenic polypeptide for inducing an adaptive immune response (i.e. a humoral or cell-mediated immune response), if injected on its own or with adjuvants.

The term “treat” or “treatment”, as used herein, refers to the administration of an immunogenic composition of the invention or of a medicament containing it to control the progression of the disease before or after clinical signs have appeared. Control of the disease progression is understood to mean the beneficial or desired clinical results that include, but are not limited to, reduction of the symptoms, reduction of the duration of the disease, stabilization of pathological states (specifically to avoid additional deterioration), delaying the progression of the disease, improving the pathological state and remission (both partial and total). The control of progression of the disease also involves an extension of survival, compared with the expected survival if treatment was not applied.

The term “vaccine”, as used herein, refers to a substance or composition that establishes or improves immunity to a particular disease by inducing an adaptive immune response including an immunological memory. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism or a part thereof (e.g. a polypeptide). Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic.

The term “variant”, as used herein, refers to all those amino acid sequences derived from any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 by means of modifications or mutations, including substitutions, preferably conservative substitutions, insertions or non-terminal deletions, affecting one or more amino acids and which substantially preserves the immunogenic capabilities of the immunogenic polypeptide.

The term “vector”, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule, linear or circular, that comprises a segment according to the nucleic acid of interest operably linked to additional segments that provide for its autonomous replication in a host cell of interest or according to the expression cassette of interest.

2. IMMUNOGENIC POLYPEPTIDES OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the invention relates to an immunogenic polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising the sequences SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants of said SEQ ID NO:1-16, wherein each of said variants has a length of at least 8 amino acids, with the provisos that said amino acid sequence does not comprise any sequence stretches derived from the HIV genome of a length of 8 or more amino acids other than an amino acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or the variants thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the immunogenic polypeptide of the first aspect has an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 49.

In a second aspect, the invention relates to an immunogenic polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of the SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants thereof or a fragment thereof, wherein said fragment has a length of at least 8 amino acids, with the provisos that:

-   -   i) said amino acid sequence does not comprise any sequence         stretches derived from the HIV genome of a length of 8 or more         amino acids other than an amino acid sequence according to any         of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or a variant or a fragment thereof, and     -   ii) when the immunogen comprises only one sequence selected from         the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16, then this sequence is         not selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6 and         16.

Preferably, the variant according to the first and second aspects is equivalent to its related sequence and derives from a different HIV strain or is an artificial HIV sequence. Equivalent in this respect means different in one or more amino acid residues, but corresponding to the same sequence (e.g. determined by the position in the genome or sequence similarity). In other words, in a preferred embodiment, the variant is a “naturally occurring variant”, which refers to nucleic acid sequences derived from an HIV genome of a presently or formerly circulating virus and can be identified from existing databases (e.g. GenBank and Los Alamos sequence databases). The sequence of circulating viruses can also be determined by molecular biology methodologies. See Brown T, “Gene Cloning” (Chapman & Hall, London, GB, 1995); Watson R, et al., “Recombinant DNA”, 2nd Ed. (Scientific American Books, New York, N.Y., US, 1992); Sambrook J, et al., “Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual” (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., US, 1989). Preferably, a variant of any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 has an amino acid sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% to its corresponding (i.e. SEQ ID NOs 1-16). Examples of algorithms suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms. See Altschul S, et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 1977; 25:3389-3402 and Altschul S, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 1990; 215:403-410. The BLAST and BLAST 2.0 programs can be used to determine percent sequence identity for the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. See http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast.cgi, January 2012.

Variants may also contain one or more modified amino acid residues (e.g. residues that are modified by the attachment of substituent groups), or one or more unnatural amino acids such as beta amino acids.

Methods for determining the extent of the cellular response are known in the art. Any method suitable for assessing the stimulation of T cells in response to an Ag can be used. The procedures described below provide a few examples of suitable methods:

-   -   1) Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot): non-adherent cells from         pre-culture wells are transferred to a plate, which has been         coated with the desired anti-cytokine capture antibodies (Abs;         e.g. anti-IFN, -IL-10, -IL-2, -IL-4). Revelation is carried out         with biotinylated secondary Abs and standard colorimetric or         fluorimetric detection methods such as streptavidin-alkaline         phosphatase and NBT-BCIP and the spots counted. ELISpot readouts         are then expressed as spot-forming cells (SFC)/10⁶ input cells.     -   2) Supernatant cytokine assay: cytokines released in the culture         supernatant are measured by different techniques, such as         enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), BD cytometric bead         array, Biorad Bio-Plex assay and others.     -   3) HLA Class I tetramers: with this procedure, Ag-reactive T         cells recognizing specific peptide epitopes are detected, using         either commercially available reagents (e.g. MHC Class I         Dexamers, Immudex, Copenhagen, DK) or in-house generated ones         (e.g. Novak E, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 1999; 104:R63-R67).     -   4) HLA Class II tetramers: with this procedure, Ag-reactive T         cells recognizing specific peptide epitopes are detected, using         either commercially available reagents (e.g. MHC Class II         Ultimers™, ProImmune Ltd, Oxford, GB) or in-house generated ones         (e.g. Novak, 1991, supra).

-   5) Upregulation of activation markers (e.g. CD69, CD25, CD137): with     this procedure, Ag-specific T cell responses are detected by their     differential expression of activation markers exposed on the     membrane following Ag-recognition.     -   6) Cytokine capture assays: this system is a valid alternative         to the ELISpot to visualize Ag-specific T cells according to         their cytokine response (Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch         Gladbach, DE). In addition, it allows the direct sorting and         cloning of the T cells of interest.     -   7) CD154 assay: this procedure is limited to detection of         Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. See Chattopadhyay P, et al., Nat. Med.         2005; 11:1113-11117 and Frentsch M, et al., Nat. Med. 2005;         11:1118-1124.

-   8) CD107 assay: this procedure allows the visualization of     Ag-specific CD8+ T cells with cytotoxic potential. See Betts M, et     al., J. Immunol. Methods 2003; 281:65-78.     -   9) CFSE dilution assay: this procedure detects Ag-specific T         cells (CD4+ and CD8+) according to their proliferation following         Ag recognition. See Mannering S, et al., J. Immunol. Methods         2003; 283:173-183.

Methods for determining the extent of the humoral response of a variant are known in the art. Any method suitable for assessing the stimulation of T cells in response to an Ag can be used. Examples of suitable methods include, but are not limited to, detecting or quantitating the relative amount of an antibody, which specifically recognizes an antigenic or immunogenic agent in the sera of a subject who has been treated with an immunogenic polypeptide or variant relative to the amount of the antibody in an untreated subject. Antibody titers can be determined using standard assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Single Radial Immunodiffussion Assay (SRID), or Enzyme Immunoassay (ETA).

In a preferred embodiment, the variant of any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 is a fragment of said sequence(s).

In specific embodiments, ancestral viral sequences are determined for the env genes of HIV-1 subtypes B or C, or for the gag genes of subtypes B or C. In other embodiments, the ancestral viral sequence is determined for other HIV genes or polypeptides, such as pol or the auxiliary genes or polypeptides. In yet another embodiment, the viral sequence is determined by consensus or center-of-tree techniques.

In a preferred embodiment, the HIV is a group M HIV. Group M is the predominant circulating HIV-1 group. It has been divided into subtypes, denoted with letters, and sub-subtypes, denoted with numerals. Subtypes A1, A2, A3, A4, B, C, D, E, F1, F2, G, H, J, and K are currently recognized. HIV-1 subtypes, also called clades, are phylogenetically linked strains of HIV-1 that are approximately the same genetic distance from one another; in some cases, subtypes are also linked geographically or epidemiologically. Genetic variation within a subtype can be 15 to 20 percent or more, whereas variation between subtypes or divergent members of the same subtype is usually 25 to 35 percent. Advances in full-genome sequencing of HIV have led to the identification of circulating and unique recombinant forms (CRFs and URFs, respectively). These are the result of recombination between subtypes within a dually infected person, from whom the recombinant forms are then passed to other people. The recombinant progeny are classified as circulating recombinant forms if they are identified in three or more people with no direct epidemiologic linkage; otherwise they are described as unique recombinant forms.

In one embodiment, said immunogen has an amino acid sequence comprising at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of the SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants thereof, wherein said proviso ii) is: when the immunogen comprises only one sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16, then this sequence is not selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16.

In a preferred embodiment, said immunogen comprises at least two, at least three, or at least four sequences selected from the group consisting of the SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants thereof, wherein said proviso ii) is: when the immunogen comprises only two, three, or four sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16, then not all of these sequences are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6 and 16. In another embodiment, said immunogen has an amino acid sequence comprising at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten sequences selected from the group consisting of the SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants thereof, wherein said proviso ii) is: when the immunogen comprises only two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16, then not all of these sequences are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16.

In a preferred embodiment, the immunogen according to the first aspect comprises the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants thereof in the order 1-16.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to the immunogen of the first aspect wherein at least two sequences are adjoined by an amino acid linker.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to the immunogen of the second aspect, wherein, if said immunogen comprises at least two sequences selected from the group consisting of the SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants thereof, said sequences are adjoined by an amino acid linker.

In a preferred embodiment of the immunogens of both the first and second aspect, the linker has the amino acid sequence A, AA or AAA. In a another embodiment, when the C-terminal residue of the sequence located N-terminally with respect to the linker or the N-terminal residue of the sequence located C-terminally is an alanine residue, the linker can be shortened so that an AAA sequence is formed in the junction region between adjoining sequences. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, if the C-terminal residue of the sequence located N-terminally with respect to the linker is an alanine or if the N-terminal residue of the sequence located C-terminally with respect to the linker is alanine, the linker has the sequence AA. In another embodiment, if the C-terminal residue of the sequence located N-terminally with respect to the linker and the N-terminal residue of the sequence located C-terminally with respect to the linker are both alanine, then the linker as the sequence A.

In another embodiment, said immunogens further comprise a secretion signal peptide at the N-terminus, wherein said signal peptide preferably enhances secretion of the immunogen from cells expressing said immunogen. A preferred secretion signal peptide is derived from GMCSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor), preferably followed by a valine to increase stability. The sequence of the GMCSF signal peptide is preferably: MWLQSLLLLGTVACSIS (SEQ ID NO: 46) or MWLQSLLLLGTVACSISV (SEQ ID NO: 47).

In another embodiment, said immunogens further comprise optionally a peptide tag. The peptide tag can be located at the N-terminus between the signal peptide and the immunogenic polypeptide or, preferably, can be located at the C-terminus before the stop codon.

Preferably, said tag is a FLAG peptide. The FLAG system utilizes a short, hydrophilic 8-amino acid peptide, which is fused to the recombinant protein of interest. The FLAG peptide includes the binding site for several highly specific ANTI-FLAG monoclonal antibodies (M1, M2, M5; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, Mo., US), which can be used to assess expression of the protein of interest on material from transfected cells. Because of the small size of the FLAG peptide tag, it does not shield other epitopes, domains, or alter the function, secretion, or transport of the fusion protein generally. Preferably, said FLAG peptide has the sequence DYKDDDDKL (SEQ ID NO: 48).

In a preferred embodiment, said tag is only for expression analysis and purification of the immunogen and it is removed before using it to elicit an immune response.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to said immunogens, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises at least one antiretroviral resistance mutation site.

The mutation can occur at any site within the viral genome. Preferably, the mutation occurs in the region encoding the integrase, the protease or the reverse transcriptase genes.

Mutants within the integrase that confer resistance to integrase inhibitors include, without limitation, T66, E92, F121, E138, G140, Y143, 5147, Q148, 5153, N155, E157 and R263 within SEQ ID NO: 1 and a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the mutation is selected from the group consisting of mutations E92Q, G 140S, G 140A and Y143R in the integrase protein and their combinations.

Mutants within the protease associated with protease inhibitor (PI) resistance include major protease, accessory protease, and protease cleavage site mutations. See Shafer R, et al., AIDS Rev. 2008; 10(2):67-84. Seventeen largely non-polymorphic positions are of the most clinical significance, including L231, L241, D30N, V321, L33F, M461/L, 147/V/A, G48V/M, 150L/V, F53L, 154V/T/A/L/M, G73S/T, L76V, V82A/T/F/S, 184V/A/C, N88D/S, L90M. Accessory protease mutations include the polymorphic mutations L101/V, 113V, K20R/M/I, M36I, D60E, 162V, L63P, A71V/T, V77I, and 193L and the non-polymorphic mutations L10F/R, V111, E34Q, E35G, K43T, K45I, K55R, Q58E, A71I/L, T74P/A/S, V751, N83D, P79A/S, 185V, L89V, T91 S, Q92K and C95F.

In another embodiment, the antiretroviral resistance mutation site is located in the reverse transcriptase, resulting in a resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) or to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The NRTI resistance mutations include M184V, thymidine analog mutations (TAMs), mutations selected by regimens lacking thymidine analogs (Non-TAMs), and multi-nucleoside resistance mutations (Multi-NRTI mutations) and many recently described non-polymorphic accessory mutations. Altogether, M184V, non-thymidine-analog-associated mutations such as K65R and L74V, and the multi-nucleoside resistance mutation Q151M act by decreasing NRTI incorporation. Thymidine analog mutations, the T69 insertions associated with multi-nucleoside resistance, and many of the accessory mutations facilitate primer unblocking. See Shafer, 20008, supra. M184V is the most commonly occurring NRTI resistance mutation. The most common drug-resistant amino acid mutations are M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F and K219QE. The most common mutations in patients developing virologic failure while receiving a non-thymidine analog containing NRTI backbone (Non-TAMs) include M184V alone or M184V in combination with K65R or L74V. Other Non-TAMs mutations include K65N, K70E/G, L741, V75T/M, Y115F. Amino acid insertions at codon 69 generally occur in the presence of multiple TAM, and in this setting are associated with intermediate resistance to 3TC and FTC and high-level resistance to each of the remaining NRTI. Q151 M is a 2-bp mutation (CAG.fwdarw.ATG) that is usually accompanied by two or more of the following mutations: A62V, V751, F77L, and F116Y. The Q151M complex causes high-level resistance to ZDV, d4T, ddI, and ABC, and intermediate resistance to TDF, 3TC, and FTC. See Shafer R, et al., AIDS Rev. 2008; 10(2):67-84

NNTRI resistance mutations include, without limitation, the primary NNRTI resistance mutations (K103N/S, V106A/M, Y181C/I/V, Y188L/C/H, and G190A/S/E), the NNRTI resistance secondary mutations (L1001, K101P, P225H, F227L, M230L, and K238T) and rate mutations (V179F, F227C and L2341).

Minor non-polymorphic mutations—A98G, K101 E, V 1081, and V 179D/E are common NNRTI resistance mutations that reduce susceptibility to nevirapine and efavirenz about 2-fold to 5-fold.

Miscellaneous nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations, such as K101Q, 1135T/M, V1791, and L2831, reduce susceptibility to nevirapine and efavirenz by about twofold and may act synergistically with primary NNRTI resistance mutations. Other mutations such as L74V, H221Y, K223E/Q, L228H/R, and N3481 are selected primarily by NRTI, yet also cause subtle reductions in NNRTI susceptibility.

Preferably, said antiretroviral resistance mutation site is located in any of SEQ ID NOs 9-11. More preferably, said antiretroviral resistance mutation site is amino acid residue 8 of SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein the amino acid Leu is substituted by the amino acid Met.

In another embodiment, the variant or fragment has a length of 8 to 40 amino acids, more preferably a length of 11 to 27 amino acids. Preferably, said variant or fragment does not comprise an amino acid linker adjoining any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16. Furthermore, it is preferred that the C-terminal amino acid of said variant or fragment is neither G, P, E, D, Q, N, T, S, nor C, as these residues do not form a C terminal anchor for HLA class I restricted T cell epitopes generally.

In a most preferred embodiment, said variant or fragment is selected from the group consisting of the peptides according to SEQ ID NOs 17-45.

Further, it is envisaged that said variant or fragment is combined with or fused to a heat shock protein. The present invention also relates to a fusion protein comprising said variant or fragment and a heat shock protein. Preferred heat shock proteins are Hsp10, Hsp20, Hsp30, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, gp96, or Hsp100.

In another embodiment, the variant or fragment is a variant or fragment according to the first and second aspects. Preferably, said variant or fragment does not comprise an amino acid linker adjoining any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16. Furthermore, it is preferred that the C-terminal amino acid of said variant or fragment is neither G, P, E, D, Q, N, T, S, nor C, as these residues do not form a C terminal anchor for HLA class I restricted T cell epitopes generally.

In a most preferred embodiment, said variant or fragment is selected from the group consisting of the peptides according to SEQ ID NOs 17-45.

Further, it is envisaged that said variant or fragment is combined with or fused to a heat shock protein. The present invention also relates to a fusion protein comprising said variant or fragment and a heat shock protein. Preferred heat shock proteins are Hsp10, Hsp20, Hsp30, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, gp96, or Hsp100.

3. NUCLEIC ACIDS, VECTORS, VIRUSES AND CELLS OF THE INVENTION

In a third aspect, the present invention relates to a nucleic acid encoding for the immunogen of the first aspect, and to an expression cassette, a vector, a virus and a cell comprising said nucleic acid.

Preferably, said nucleic acid is a polynucleotide, referring to single-stranded or double-stranded polymers of nucleotide monomers (nucleic acids), including, but not limited to, 2′-deoxyribonucleotides (DNA) and ribonucleotides (RNA) linked by internucleotide phosphodiester bond linkages. The polynucleotides of the invention encode the immunogen of the invention without substantially comprising additional regions of the HIV genome.

In one embodiment, said nucleic acid is codon optimized. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is codon optimized for expression in humans. Codon-optimized nucleic acids for use according to the present invention can be prepared by replacing the codons of the nucleic acid encoding the immunogen by “humanized” codons (i.e. the codons are those that appear frequently in highly expressed human genes). See André S, et al., J. Virol. 1998; 72:1497-1503. In a preferred embodiment, said codon-optimized nucleic acid has the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 50.

The nucleic acid of the third aspect may require cutting with restriction enzymes in order to it ligate into a vector. This procedure could entail the removal of various terminal nucleotides (e.g. 1, 2, or 3). As such, in one embodiment, the invention relates to said nucleic acid, wherein it has been cut at each end with a restriction enzyme.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to an expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid of the third aspect, a promoter sequence and a 3′-UTR and optionally a selection marker. Preferably, the promoter sequence is a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter or an early-late p7.5 promotor sequence. Preferably, the 3′-UTR is a bovine growth hormone (BGH) poly-A. The optional selection marker is an antibiotic resistance gene (e.g. kanamycin, ampicilin, tetracycline, spectinomycin) preferably.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid or the expression cassette of the third aspect.

In one embodiment, the vector is an expression vector. Thus, suitable vectors according to the present invention include prokaryotic vectors, such as pUC18, pUC19, and Bluescript plasmids and derivatives thereof, like the mp18, mp19, pBR322, pMB9, ColE1, pCR1 and RP4 plasmids; phages and shuttle vectors, such as pSA3 and pAT28 vectors; expression vectors in yeasts, such as 2-micron plasmid type vectors; integration plasmids; YEP vectors; centromeric plasmids and analogues; expression vectors in insect cells, such as the vectors of the pAC series and of the pVL series; expression vectors in plants, such as vectors of the pIBI, pEarleyGate, pAVA, pCAMBIA, pGSA, pGWB, pMDC, pMY, pORE series and analogues; and expression vectors in superior eukaryotic cells either based on viral vectors (e.g. MVA, adenoviruses, viruses associated to adenoviruses, retroviruses and lentiviruses) as well as non-viral vectors, such as the pSilencer 4.1-CMV (Ambion®, Life Technologies Corp., Carslbad, Calif., US), pcDNA3, pcDNA3.1/hyg pHCMV/Zeo, pCR3.1, pEF1/His, pIND/GS, pRc/HCMV2, pSV40/Zeo2, pTRACER-HCMV, pUB6/V5-His, pVAX1, pZeoSV2, pCI, pSVL and pKSV-10, pBPV-1, pML2d and pTDT1 vectors.

In a particular embodiment the expression vector is a mammalian expression vector comprising a mammalian promoter and a polyadenylation site. Preferably, the promoter is the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Preferably, the polyadenylation site is the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation site. The mammalian expression vector can be modified to optimize vector replication in bacteria. The mammalian expression vector can further comprise a selection gene, for example, a gene coding a protein conferring resistance to an antibiotic. In a particular embodiment, the mammalian expression vector comprises a kanamycin resistance gene

In other particular embodiment, the expression vector is a viral vector, preferably a Modified Vaccine Ankara (MVA) virus vector.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a virus containing the nucleic acid of the third aspect. Suitable viruses are safe, have low toxicity and are genetically stable. Non-limiting examples are retroviruses, particularly poxviruses such as MVA, lentiviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs).

In a further particular preferred embodiment the present invention relates to a recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) comprising in a polynucleotide or gene construct encoding the immunogenic polypeptides of the invention. Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus is related to the vaccinia virus, a member of the genera orthopoxvirus in the family of poxyiridae. MVA has been generated by 516 serial passages on chicken embryo fibroblasts of the Ankara strain of vaccinia virus (CVA). See Mayr A, et al., Infection 1975; 3:6-14 and Sutter G, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,422 and CH 568,392. MVA viruses are publicly available (e.g. ATCC accession number VR-1508). MVA is distinguished by its attenuation (e.g. diminished virulence and limited ability to reproduce infectious virions in certain mammalian cells), while maintaining good immunogenicity and full capacity to replicate and produce infectious virions in avian cells. Suitable MVA strains include strains with enhanced safety due to i) capability of reproductive replication in vitro in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF), but no capability of reproductive replication in a human cell line, as in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, the human embryo kidney cell line 293, the human bone osteosarcoma cell line 143B, and the human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa; ii) failure to replicate in a mouse model that is incapable of producing mature B and T cells and as such is severely immune compromised and highly susceptible to a replicating virus; and iii) induction of at least the same level of specific immune response in vaccinia virus prime/vaccinia virus boost regimes when compared to DNA-prime/vaccinia virus boost regimes. A suitable attenuated MVA strain in the strain referred to as MVA-BN. See Chaplin P, et al., WO2002042480, ECACC accession number V00083008.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a cell comprising the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the expression vector, or the virus of the third aspect. Cells to be used can be of any cell type, including both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Preferably, the cells include prokaryotic cells, yeast cells, or mammalian cells. Preferred examples of mammalian cells are COS cells, HeLa cells, HEK 293T cells or cells isolated from a patient (e.g. a HIV patient).

4. COMPOSITIONS OF THE INVENTION

In a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to a composition comprising a variant or fragment according to the first and second aspects and a heat shock protein. Immunogenic compositions can be prepared, for instance, as injectables such as liquid solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Preferred heat shock proteins are Hsp10, Hsp20, Hsp30, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, gp96, or Hsp100.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an immunogen, nucleic acid, expression cassette, vector or cell according to the invention or a composition according to the fourth aspect and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, said pharmaceutical compositions and the composition of the fourth aspect may be used as a vaccine, as laid out below.

5. VACCINE OF THE INVENTION

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a vaccine comprising the immunogen of the first and second aspects, the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the expression vector, the virus or the cell of the third aspect or the composition of the fourth aspect.

In a preferred embodiment, said vaccine is capable of generating cellular and humoral responses. More preferably, the vaccine generates a cytotoxic T cell response. A cytotoxic T cell or cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay can be used to monitor the cellular immune response following subgenomic immunization with a viral sequence against homologous and heterologous HIV strains. See Burke S, et al., J. Inf. Dis. 1994; 170:1110-1119 and Tigges M, et al., J. Immunol, 1996; 156:3901-3910. Conventional assays utilized to detect T cell responses include, for instance, proliferation assays, lymphokine secretion assays, direct cytotoxicity assays and limiting dilution assays. For example, antigen-presenting cells that have been incubated with a peptide can be assayed for their ability to induce CTL responses in responder cell populations. Antigen-presenting cells can be cells such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or dendritic cells (DCs). Alternatively, mutant non-human mammalian cell lines that are deficient in their ability to load MHC class I molecules with internally processed peptides and that have been transfected with the appropriate human MHC class I gene, can be used to test the capacity of a peptide of interest to induce in vitro primary CTL responses. PBMCs can be used as the responder cell source of CTL precursors. The appropriate antigen-presenting cells are incubated with the peptide after which the protein-loaded antigen-presenting cells are incubated with the responder cell population under optimized culture conditions. Positive CTL activation can be determined by assaying the culture for the presence of CTL that kill radiolabeled target cells, both specific peptide-pulsed targets as well as target cells expressing endogenously processed forms of the antigen from which the peptide sequence was derived. For example, the target cells can be radiolabeled with ⁵¹Cr and cytotoxic activity can be calculated from radioactivity released from the target cells. Another suitable method allows the direct quantification of antigen-specific T cells by staining with fluorescein-labeled HLA tetrameric complexes. See Altman J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90:10330-10334 and Altman J, et al., Science 1996; 274:94-96. Other relatively recent technical developments include staining for intracellular lymphokines and interferon release assays or ELISpot assays.

In one embodiment, the vaccine of the fourth aspect further comprises one or more adjuvants or heat shock proteins.

Adjuvants are defines as above. Preferred heat shock proteins are Hsp10, Hsp20, Hsp30, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, gp96, or Hsp100.

6. THERAPEUTIC METHODS

In a preferred embodiment, the immunogenic polypeptide according to the invention, the nucleic acid of the invention, the expression cassette of the invention, the expression vector of the invention, the virus of the invention, the cell of the invention or the vaccine according to the invention can be used in the prevention or treatment of an HIV infection or a disease associated with an HIV infection.

Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to the immunogenic polypeptide according to the invention, the nucleic acid of the invention, the expression cassette of the invention, the expression vector of the invention, the virus of the invention, the cell of the invention or the vaccine according to the invention for use in the prevention or treatment of an HIV infection or a disease associated with an HIV infection.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of the immunogenic polypeptide according to the invention, the nucleic acid of the invention, the expression cassette of the invention, the expression vector of the invention, the virus of the invention, the cell of the invention or the vaccine according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of an HIV infection or a disease associated with an HIV infection.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of an HIV infection or a disease associated with an HIV in a subject in need thereof comprising the administration to said subject of the immunogenic polypeptide according to the invention, the nucleic acid of the invention, the expression cassette of the invention, the expression vector of the invention, the virus of the invention, the cell of the invention or the vaccine according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of an HIV infection or a disease associated with an HIV infection.

In a particular embodiment, the immunogenic peptide, the nucleic acid, the expression cassette the expression vector, the virus, the cell or the vaccine for use according to the invention, comprises the sequential administration of:

-   -   i) a first immunogenic peptide of any of claims 1-11, nucleic         acid of any of claims 12-14, expression cassette of claim 15,         expression vector of claim 16, virus of any of claims 17-18,         cell of claim 19 or vaccine of claim 20 and     -   ii) a second immunogenic peptide of any of claims 1-11, nucleic         acid of any of claims 12-14, expression cassette of claim 15,         expression vector of claim 16, virus of any of claims 17-18,         cell of claim 19 or vaccine of claim 20.

In a particular embodiment, the first the first immunogenic peptide, nucleic acid, expression cassette, expression vector, virus, cell or vaccine are different from the second immunogenic peptide, nucleic acid, expression cassette, expression vector, virus, cell or vaccine. Preferably, it is first administered an expression vector according to the invention followed by the administration of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus according to the invention.

In a particular embodiment, the first expression vector according to the invention is administered at least twice, preferably at least three times.

The beneficial prophylactic or therapeutic effect of vaccine in relation to HIV infection or AIDS symptoms include, for example, preventing or delaying initial infection of an individual exposed to HIV; reducing viral burden in an individual infected with HIV; prolonging the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection; maintaining low viral loads in HIV infected patients whose virus levels have been lowered via antiretroviral therapy (ART); increasing levels of CD4 T cells or lessening the decrease in CD4 T cells, both HIV-1 specific and non-specific, in drug naive patients and in patients treated with ART, increasing the breadth, magnitude, avidity and functionality of HIV specific CTL, increasing overall health or quality of life in an individual with AIDS; and prolonging life expectancy of an individual with AIDS. A clinician can compare the effect of immunization with the patient's condition prior to treatment, or with the expected condition of an untreated patient, to determine whether the treatment is effective in inhibiting AIDS.

Preferably, said disease is AIDS, ARC or an HIV opportunistic disease. Non-limiting examples for HIV opportunistic diseases are Burkitt's lymphoma, candidiasis in the bronchi, trachea, lungs, or esophagus, cervical cancer, coccidioidomycosis (disseminated or outside the lungs), cryptococcosis (outside the lungs), cryptosporidiosis (in the intestines lasting for more than 1 month), cytomegalovirus infection (outside the liver, spleen, or lymph nodes), cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision), HIV encephalopathy, herpes simplex lesions lasting for more than one month, herpes simplex in the bronchi, lung, or esophagus, histoplasmosis (disseminated or outside the lungs), immunoblastic lymphoma, invasive cervical carcinoma (cancer), isosporiasis in the intestines lasting for more than one month, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma (primary in the brain), Mycobacterium avium complex (disseminated or outside the lungs), Mycobacterium kansasii (disseminated or outside the lungs), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (disseminated or outside the lungs), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pneumonia (recurrent in 12 month period), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), salmonella septicemia (recurrent), toxoplasmosis (in the brain), wasting syndrome and any other disease resulting from an infection facilitated by a compromised immune system in an HIV-infected patient.

The vaccine of the invention may be useful for the therapy of HIV-1 infection. While all animals that can be afflicted with HIV-1 or their equivalents can be treated in this manner (e.g. chimpanzees, macaques, baboons or humans), the immunogenic compositions of the invention are directed particularly to their therapeutic uses in humans. Often, more than one administration may be required to bring about the desired therapeutic effect; the exact protocol (dosage and frequency) can be established by standard clinical procedures.

The present invention further relates to preventing or reducing symptoms associated with HIV infection. These include symptoms associated with the minor symptomatic phase of HIV infection, including, for example, shingles, skin rash and nail infections, mouth sores, recurrent nose and throat infection and weight loss. In addition, further symptoms associated with the major symptomatic phase of HIV infection include, for instance, oral and vaginal thrush (candidiasis), persistent diarrhea, weight loss, persistent cough and reactivated tuberculosis or recurrent herpes infections, such as cold sores (herpes simplex). Other symptoms of full-blown AIDS which can be treated in accordance with the present invention include, for instance, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, thrush and mouth sores, persistent, recurrent vaginal infections and cervical cancer, persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL), severe skin infections, warts and ringworm, respiratory infections, pneumonia, especially Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), herpes zoster (or shingles), nervous system problems, such as pains, numbness or “pins and needles” in the hands and feet, neurological abnormalities, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, tuberculosis or other similar opportunistic infections.

Beneficial effects of the invention include, for example, preventing or delaying initial infection of an individual exposed to HIV, reducing viral burden in an individual infected with HIV, prolonging the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection, maintaining low viral loads in HIV infected patients whose virus levels have been lowered via antiretroviral therapy (ART), increasing levels of CD4 T cells or lessening the decrease in CD4 T cells, both HIV-1 specific and non-specific, in drug naïve patients and in patients treated with ART, increasing the breadth, magnitude, avidity and functionality of HIV specific CTL, increasing overall health or quality of life in an individual with AIDS and prolonging life expectancy of an individual with AIDS. A clinician can compare the effect of immunization with the patient's condition prior to treatment, or with the expected condition of an untreated patient, or in a clinical trial of individuals treated and untreated with the vaccine to determine whether the treatment is effective in inhibiting AIDS.

The immunogenic compositions can be designed to introduce the nucleic acids or expression vectors to a desired site of action and release it at an appropriate and controllable rate. Methods of preparing controlled-release formulations are known in the art. For example, controlled release preparations can be produced by the use of polymers to complex or absorb the immunogen or immunogenic composition. A controlled-release formulation can be prepared using appropriate macromolecules (e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinyl, pyrrolidone, ethylenevinylacetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, or protamine sulfate) known to provide the desired controlled release characteristics or release profile. Another possible method to control the duration of action by a controlled-release preparation is to incorporate the active ingredients into particles of a polymeric material (e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, hydrogels, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of these acids, or ethylene vinylacetate copolymers). Alternatively, instead of incorporating these active ingredients into polymeric particles, it is possible to entrap these materials into microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsule and poly-(methylmethacrylate) microcapsule, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (e.g. liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles, nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. See in Voller A, et al., Eds., “New Trends and Developments in Vaccines (University Park Press, Baltimore, Md., US, 1978) and Gennaro A, Ed., “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, 18th Ed. (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., US, 1990).

Suitable dosages of the nucleic acids and expression vectors of the invention (collectively, the immunogens) in the immunogenic composition of the invention can be readily determined by those of skill in the art. For example, the dosage of the immunogens can vary depending on the route of administration and the size of the subject. Suitable doses can be determined by those of skill in the art, for example by measuring the immune response of a subject, such as a laboratory animal, using conventional immunological techniques, and adjusting the dosages as appropriate. Such techniques for measuring the immune response of the subject include but are not limited to, chromium release assays, tetramer binding assays, IFN ELISPOT assays, IL-2 ELISPOT assays, intracellular cytokine assays, and other immunological detection assays. See Harlow E, Lane D, “Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual” (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., US, 1988).

The immunogenic compositions can be administered using any suitable delivery method including, but not limited to, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, transcutaneous, intranasal, mucosal (e.g. intrarectal, intravaginal, oral), and topical delivery. Such techniques are well known in the art. More specific examples of delivery methods are intramuscular injection, intradermal injection, and subcutaneous injection. However, delivery need not be limited to injection methods. Further, delivery of DNA to animal tissue has been achieved by cationic liposomes direct injection of naked DNA into animal muscle tissue or intradermal injection of DNA using “gene gun” or electroporation technology. See Watanabe M, et al., Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1994; 38:268-274, Charnock-Jones D, et al., WO1996020013, Robinson H, et al., Vaccine 1993: 11:957-960, Hoffman S, et al., Vaccine 1994; 12(16):1529-1533; Xiang Z, et al., Virology 1994; 199:132-140, Webster R, et al., Vaccine 1994; 12:1495-1498, Davis H, et al., Vaccine 1994; 12: 1503-1509, Davis H, et al., Hum. Mol. Gen. 1993; 2:1847-1851, and Johnston S, et al., Meth. Cell Biol. 1994; 43:353-365. Delivery can be accomplished via a mucosal surface such as the anal, vaginal or oral mucosa also.

7. KIT OF THE INVENTION

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a kit comprising the immunogen of the first aspect, the peptide or variant thereof of the second aspect, the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the expression vector, the virus or the cell of the fourth aspect, or the vaccine of the fourth aspect. These kits provide the materials necessary for carrying out the application described in the present invention. The kit could also be in the form of a patch.

In addition, the kit may comprise a packaging, which allows maintaining the reagents within determined limits. Suitable materials for preparing such packings include glass, plastic (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate), bottles, vials, paper, or sachets. The kit of the invention can additionally contain instructions for using the components contained therein, in particularly those constituting the hemostatic patch of the invention. Said instructions can be found in the form of printed material or in the form of an electronic support which can store instructions such that they can be read by a subject, such as electronic storage media (e.g. magnetic disks, tapes), or optical media (e.g. CD-ROM, DVD). The media can additionally or alternatively contain internet websites providing said instructions.

General Procedures 1. T Cell Immunogen Design

The following approach was followed for the design of the HIV OLPs of the invention.

Experimental (interferon gamma ELISpot) screening of 232 HIV infected untreated individuals using a consensus Glade B peptide set revealed regions of the viral proteome that were predominantly targeted by subjects with superior HIV control. See Frahm N, et al., J. Virol. 2004; 78:2187-2200; Mothe B, et al., J. Transl. Med. 2011; 9(1):208. The overall test peptide set consisted of 410 18mer overlapping peptides spanning the entire viral proteome. Of these, 26 OLPs were identified where the group of OLP responders had a significantly (p<0.05 uncorrected for multiple comparison) reduced viral load compared to the group of OLP non-responders (i.e. individuals that did not react to these OLPs in the interferon gamma ELISpot assay). These beneficial OLPs had a protective ratio (PR of >1) and were located in HIV Gag protein (n=10), in Pol (n=12), and in Vif (n=3) and Nef (n=1) proteins of the virus. Of the 26 OLPs, 15 were partially overlapping. See Table 1.

TABLE 1 Median Median viral load in viral load in Protective OLP Protein OLP clade B consensus OLP OLP non- Ratio No. Protein sub-unit sequence responders responders (PR)* p-value 3 Gag p17 EKIRLRPGGKKKYKLKHI 22947 39014 1.053 0.037 6 Gag p17 ASRELERFAVNPGLL 15380 43189 1.107 0.001 7 Gag p17 ERFAVNPGLLETSEGCR 25939 38974 1.040 0.049 10 Gag p17 QLQPSLQTGSEELRSLY 16285 37237 1.085 0.031 12 Gag p17 SLYNTVATLYCVHQRIEV 23855 37113 1.044 0.037 23 Gag p24 AFSPEVIPMFSALSEGA 22947 37113 1.048 0.036 31 Gag p24 IAPGQMREPRGSDIA 3563 35483 1.281 0.028 34 Gag p24 STLQEQIGWMTNNPPIPV 6127 37360 1.207 0.002 48 Gag p24 ACQGVGGPGHKARVLAEA 12975 35755 1.107 0.041 60 Gag p15 GKIWPSHKGRPGNFLQSR 16266 36434 1.083 0.044 75 Nef — WLEAQEEEEVGFPVRPQV 13407 37360 1.108 0.026 76 Nef — EVGFPVRPQVPLRPMTYK 59618 29855 0.937 0.001 84 Nef — NYTPGPGIRYPLTFGWCF 55402 30538 0.945 0.006 85 Nef — RYPLTFGWCFKLVPV 69890 29903 0.924 0.002 90 Nef — SLHGMDDPEKEVLVWKF 89687 32650 0.911 0.042 159 Pol Protease KMIGGIGGFIKVRQYDQI 14736 36434 1.094 0.020 160 Pol Protease FIKVRQYDQILIEICGHK 3682 35755 1.277 0.031 161 Pol Protease QILIEICGHKAIGTVLV 9117 35483 1.149 0.050 163 Pol Protease LVGPTPVNIIGRNLLTQI 25965 45637 1.055 0.007 171 Pol RT LVEICTEMEKEGKISKI 1865 35483 1.391 0.014 181 Pol RT LDVGDAYFSVPLDKDFRK 65858 32871 0.937 0.041 195 Pol RT LRWGFTTPDKKHQKEPPF 5624 37113 1.219 0.006 196 Pol RT DKKHQKEPPFLWMGYELH 10103 35483 1.136 0.044 210 Pol RT EIQKQGQGQWTYQIY 18155 35483 1.068 0.045 222 Pol RT PPLVKLWYQLEKEPIVGA 412599 34640 0.808 0.030 230 Pol RT IHLALQDSGLEVNIV 85102 34117 0.919 0.030 237 Pol RT VYLAWVPAHKGIGGNEQV 85102 34117 0.919 0.029 240 Pol RT SAGIRKVLFLDGIDKA 116902 32761 0.891 0.019 269 Pol Integrase TKELQKQITKIQNFRVYY 6629 35755 1.192 0.030 270 Pol Integrase TKIQNFRVYYRDSRDPLW 18171 37360 1.073 0.019 271 Pol Integrase YYRDSRDPLWKGPAKLLW 25939 35755 1.032 0.043 276 Pol Integrase KIIRDYGKQMAGDDCVA 6629 35755 1.192 0.021 279 Vpr — GPQREPYNEWTLELLEEL 60222 32650 0.944 0.042 307 Env gp120 DLNNNTNTTSSSGEKMEK 179419 34117 0.863 0.044 311 Env gp120 IRDKVQKEYALFYKLDVV 179419 32871 0.860 0.008 314 Env gp120 YRLISCNTSVITQACPKV 58206 31273 0.943 0.008 315 Env gp120 SVITQACPKVSFEPIPIH 61011 32871 0.944 0.034 320 Env gp120 TNVSTVQCTHGIRPVV 341587 34640 0.820 0.034 355 Env gp120 VAPTKAKRRVVQREKRAV 161602 34117 0.870 0.042 399 Env gp41 VIEVVQRACRAILHIPRR 388089 34640 0.812 0.026 405 Vif — VKHHIMYISGKAKGWFYRH 16458 37237 1.084 0.021 406 Vif — GKAKGWFYRHHYESTHPR 16458 37237 1.084 0.022 424 Vif — TKLTEDRWNKPQKTKGHR 10319 36434 1.137 0.014 *PR values in bold indicate PR > 1, i.e. OLP-responses seen more frequently in individuals with reduced viral loads.

In order to build a continuous immunogen sequence, the 26 OLPs were aligned and assembled to a total of 16 segments, ranging from 11-78 amino acids in length. The precise starting and end positions of these segments were based on analyzing residues in up and down-steam of the identified 26 OLPs and was based on a number of considerations that were applied to the different flanking sites. These considerations included:

-   -   1) OLP immunogenicity data     -   2) Conserved region reactivity data     -   3) Extension or chopping segments for inclusion/exclusion of         good or bad known epitopes     -   4) CD4 epitope coverage     -   5) HLA coverage     -   6) Sequence variability (2010 consensus and HBX2 defined         epitopes)     -   7) Multivariate OLP analyses     -   8) Creation of new epitope/self epitope     -   9) Maintenance of natural sequence though not included         beneficial OLP     -   10) Introduction of changes to avoid epitope recognition and     -   11) Avoid forbidden residues (G, P, E, D, Q, N, T, S or C)

This protocol resulted in the design of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 16 as potential immunogens.

2. Vectors

Sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 16 were linked with single, dual or triple alanine amino acids between segments to ensure optimal processing and to avoid premature epitope digestion.

Then, the linked segments were used as HIV T cell immunogen sequences for inclusion in DNA and MVA vectors. For the delivery of the immunogens using either soluble peptides only or in combination with heat shock proteins, shorter overlapping peptides (median length 23 residues) were designed that span the 16 segments, not including the triple AAA linkers. These OLPs were generated in a way that helped avoid forbidden residues at the C-terminal end (important for optimal epitope presentation on HLA class I molecules. See SEQ ID NO: 17 to SEQ ID NO: 45, January 2012). These overlapping peptides range in length from 11-27 amino acids.

3. T Cell Immunogen

The T cell immunogen has been designed as a polypeptide and assembled from 16 segments of the HIV-1 genome of varying size (between 11 to 78 aa) unified by triple alanine linkers. Description of the regions included:

T cell immunogen HIV-1 Position SEQ ID segments Length protein (HXB2) NO: Seg-1 78 p17 17-94 1 Seg-2 14 p24 30-43 2 Seg-3 11 p24 61-71 3 Seg-4 60 p24  91-150 4 Seg-5 14 p24 164-177 5 Seg-6 15 p24 217-231 6 Seg-7 27 p2p7p1p6 63-89 7 Seg-8 55 protease 45-99 8 Seg-9 17 RT 34-50 9 Seg-10 55 RT 210-264 10 Seg-11 34 RT 309-342 11 Seg-12 34 Integrase 210-243 12 Seg-13 17 Integrase 266-282 13 Seg-14 23 Vif 25-50 14 Seg-15 19 Vif 166-184 15 Seg-16 13 Nef 56-68 16

Total length: 529 (including A, AA or AAA linkers)

4. Inclusion of a Leader Sequence

Signal peptides are generally highly hydrophobic amino acid sequences (15 to 60 amino acids long) of proteins that must cross through membranes to arrive at their functioning cellular location. By binding to signal recognition particles, these sequences direct nascent protein-ribosome complexes to a membrane where the protein is inserted during translation. Signal peptides direct translational uptake of the protein by various membranes (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome). Leader signal sequences on non-membrane proteins are ultimately removed by specific peptidases.

Some signal peptides used include MCP-3 chemokine, for promoting secretion and attraction of antigen presenting cells; a catenin (CATE)-derived peptide for increased proteasomal degradation; and the lysosomal associated protein, LAMP1 for targeting the MHC II compartment. See Rosati M, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009; 106:15831-15836.

In the present design, the signal peptide from GMCSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) was introduced at the amino-terminus of the immunogen to enhance secretion of the immunogen from expressing cells, followed by a valine to increase stability. The sequence of the GMCSF signal peptide is:

(SEQ ID NO: 46) MWLQSLLLLGTVACSIS

5. Inclusion of a Tag for In-Vitro Expression Experiments

For the purpose of assessing expression in transfected cells, the immunogen sequence first included a FLAG peptide on the C-terminal region, before the stop codon, was:

(SEQ ID NO: 48) DYKDDDDKL

The FLAG system utilizes a short, hydrophilic 8-amino acid peptide, which is fused to the recombinant protein of interest. The FLAG peptide includes the binding site for several highly specific ANTI-FLAG monoclonal antibodies (M1, M2, M5; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, Mo., US), which can be used to assess expression of the protein of interest on material from transfected cells.

Because of the small size of the FLAG peptide tag, it does not shield other epitopes, domains, or alter the function, secretion, or transport of the fusion protein generally. This sequence was removed afterwards for the mice immunogenicity assay. The FLAG tag is removed from the final immunogen (298H) before immunization.

6. Description of the T Cell Immunogen

The T cell immunogen has the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 49):

K Y K L K H I V W A S R E L E R F A V N P G L L E T S E G C R Q I L G Q L Q P S L Q T G S E E L K S L Y N T V A T L Y C V H Q K I E V)_(S1) A A A (K A F S P E V I P M F S A L)_(S2) A A A (G H Q A A M Q M L K E)_(S3) A A A (I A P G Q M R E P R G S D I A G T T S T L Q E Q I G W M T N N P P I P V G E I Y K R W I I L G L N K I V R M Y S P T S I)_(S4) A A A (Y V D R F Y K T L R A E Q A)_(S5) A (A C Q G V G G P G H K A R V L)_(S6) A A A (C T E R Q A N F L G K I W P S H K G R P G N F L Q S R)_(S7) A A A (K M I G G I G G F I K V R Q Y D Q I L I E I C G H K A I G T V L V G P T P V N I I G R N L L T Q I G C T L N F)_(S8) A A A (L V E I C T E M E K E G K I S K I)_(S9) A A A (L R W G F T T P D K K H Q K E P P F L W M G Y E L H P D K W T V Q P I V L P E K D S W T V N D I Q K L V G K L)_(S10) A A A (I L K E P V H G V Y Y D P S K D L I A E I Q K Q G Q G Q W T Y Q I Y)_(S11) A A A (T K E L Q K Q I T K I Q N F R V Y Y R D S R D P L W K G P A K L L W)_(S12) A A A (K I I R D Y G K Q M A G D D C V A)_(S13) A A (V K H H M Y I S K K A K G W F Y R H H Y E S T H P R)_(S14) A A A (V T K L T E D R W N K P Q K T K G H R)_(S15) A A (A W L E A Q E E E E V G F)_(S16) D Y K D D D D K L wherein, the GMCSF signal peptide is shown underlined, the valine immediately following the signal sequence is highlighted, the single, dual or triple A (AAA) linkers are shown in bold, the FLAG epitope (removed in the final construct for in-vivo studies) is shown in italics and the different segments are shown in brackets as follows:

Segment number HIV polypeptide HIV gene ( . . . )_(S1) p17 (Seg-1) ( . . . )_(S2-6) p24 (Seg-2 to Seg-6) {close oversize brace} gag ( . . . )_(S7) p2p7p1p6 (Seg-7) ( . . . )_(S8) Prot (seg-8) ( . . . )_(S9-11) RT (Seg-9 to Seg-11) {close oversize brace} pol ( . . . )_(S12-13) Int (Seg-12 and Seg-13 ( . . . )_(S14-15) Vif (Seg-14 and Seg-15) Vif ( . . . )_(S16) Nef (Seg-16) Nef

7. Nucleotide Sequence Codon Optimization

The T cell immunogen sequence was translated into a RNA/codon-optimized nucleotide sequence to enhance expression and secretion (Mr. Gene GmbH, Regensburg, DE). Codon optimization was based on introducing multiple nucleotide changes to destroy the previously identified RNA processing, inhibitory and instability sequences in the mRNA without affecting the encoded protein. See Schwartz S, et al., J. Virol. 1992; 66(12): 7176-7182. This process can also include the elimination of predicted splice sites (score >0.4) from coding sequences by appropriate codon changes, to minimize the possibility of splicing.

As a result of the nucleotide changes indicated above, the final GC-content of the T cell immunogen was 63%. The complete codon-optimized nucleotide sequence of the immunogen is (SEQ ID NO: 50):

1

61 ATCCGGCTGC GGCCAGGCGG AAAGAAGAAG TACAAGCTGA AGCACATCGT CTGGGCCTCG 121 AGGGAGCTGG AGCGGTTCGC GGTGAACCCG GGACTTCTGG AGACGTCGGA GGGGTGCAGG 181 CAGATCCTCG GCCAGCTGCA GCCCTCTCTG CAAACGGGGT CTGAGGAGCT GAAGAGCCTG 241 TACAACACGG TGGCGACCCT CTACTGCGTC CACCAGAAGA TCGAGGTGGC AGCGGCCAAG 301 GCGTTCTCGC CGGAGGTCAT CCCCATGTTC TCGGCGCTGG CAGCTGCCGG ACACCAGGCC 361 GCGATGCAGA TGCTGAAGGA GGCCGCTGCG ATCGCACCGG GCCAGATGAG GGAGCCACGC 421 GGTTCCGACA TCGCGGGAAC CACCTCGACG CTCCAGGAGC AGATCGGATG GATGACGAAC 481 AACCCGCCAA TCCCGGTCGG GGAGATCTAC AAGCGGTGGA TCATCCTCGG GCTGAACAAG 541 ATCGTCCGGA TGTACAGCCC GACGTCGATC GCTGCGGCAT ACGTTGACCG GTTCTACAAG 601 ACCCTGAGGG CCGAGCAGGC AGCGGCCTGC CAGGGGGTCG GTGGACCAGG GCACAAGGCC 661 CGAGTGCTCG CGGCCGCATG CACGGAGCGG CAGGCGAACT TCCTGGGGAA GATCTGGCCG 721 TCGCACAAGG GCCGACCGGG AAACTTCCTC CAGTCTCGCG CAGCGGCTAA GATGATCGGA 781 GGCATCGGAG GCTTCATCAA AGTCCGTCAG TACGACCAGA TCCTCATCGA GATCTGCGGG 841 CACAAGGCGA TCGGAACCGT GCTCGTCGGC CCAACGCCCG TGAACATCAT CGGCCGCAAC 901 CTGTTAACGC AGATCGGCTG CACCCTCAAC TTCGCCGCAC TAGTGGAGAT CTGCACGGAG 961 ATGGAGAAGG AGGGCAAGAT ATCGAAGATC GCGGCAGCTC TGAGGTGGGG CTTCACCACG 1021 CCGGACAAGA AGCACCAGAA GGAGCCGCCA TTCCTGTGGA TGGGATACGA GCTGCACCCG 1081 GACAAGTGGA CCGTGCAGCC CATCGTCCTG CCGGAGAAGG ACTCGTGGAC GGTGAACGAC 1141 ATCCAGAAGC TCGTGGGGAA GCTGGCGGCA GCCATCCTCA AGGAGCCCGT CCACGGGGTG 1201 TACTACGACC CCTCTAAGGA CCTGATCGCG GAGATCCAGA AGCAGGGGCA GGGTCAGTGG 1261 ACCTACCAGA TCTACGCAGC AGCAACCAAG GAGCTGCAGA AGCAGATCAC GAAGATCCAG 1321 AACTTCCGCG TATACTACCG CGACTCGCGG GACCCCCTGT GGAAGGGCCC TGCGAAGCTT 1381 CTCTGGGCAG CCGCGAAGAT CATCCGGGAC TACGGCAAGC AGATGGCGGG CGACGACTGC 1441 GTGGCCGCAG CGGTGAAGCA CCATATGTAC ATCTCGAAGA AGGCGAAGGG CTGGTTCTAC 1501 AGACACCACT ACGAGTCCAC CCACCCCAGG GCAGCTGCGG TGACGAAGCT GACGGAGGAC 1561 CGGTGGAACA AGCCCCAGAA GACGAAGGGT CACCGGGCGG CTGCATGGCT GGAGGCTCAG 1621 GAGGAGGAGG AGGTGGGCTT CGATTACAAG GACGATGACG ACAAGCTGtg ataa wherein the sequence encoding GMCSF signal peptide is underlined, the valine codon immediately downstream of the sequence encoding the signal sequence is shown highlighted, the sequence encoding the immunogenic polypeptide is shown in standard letters, the sequence encoding the Flag tag is shown in italics and the tga and taa stop codons are shown in lower case.

8. Cloning Strategy

The codon-optimized T cell immunogen was cloned into the mammalian expression plasmid BV5, which consists of a modified CMV basic plasmid backbone optimized for growth in bacteria that harbors the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation site and the kanamycin resistance gene—lacking the Xho site. The cloning steps were as follows:

-   -   1) In a first step, an amino acid change from Leu to Meth was         introduced into the synthesized T cell immunogen—one including         the FLAG epitope at RT 41 position (segment 9) to cover one of         the major antiretroviral resistance mutations site. The T cell         immunogen gene (starting vector) was cloned in a spectomycin         resistance harboring plasmid. A PCR-generated segment covering         the RT M41 change was inserted into the T cell immunogen as         SpeI/HindIII. Competent cells DH108B were used for         transformation and were grown on LB-spectomycin media. The         resulting plasmid was named HIVACAT RT M41. Insertion of the         point mutation was confirmed by PCR sequencing using sense and         antisense primers covering the segment 9 sequence.     -   2) In a second step, the HIVACAT RT M41 gene was inserted to the         BV5 plasmid that lacks the Xho site in kanamycin resistance gene         as SalI/EcoRI, by ligation of the vector and the gel purified         digested HIVACAT RT M41 fragment. Competent cells DH108B were         used for transformation and were grown in LB-Kan media.         Resulting plasmid name was 297H (GMCSF-HIVACAT-FLAG). Insertion         of the gene was confirmed by restriction digestion and PCR         sequencing using sense (from the CMV promoter) and antisense         primers (from the polyA BGH region).     -   3) In a third step, the epitope for the FLAG tag was removed         from the 297H plasmid by BstEII-EcoRI digestion and insertion         the annealed primers 298H Plus and 298H Minus:

298HPlus (SEQ ID NO: 51) GTCACCGGGCGGCTGCATGGCTGGAGGCTCAGGAGGAGGAGGAG GTGGGCTTCtgataaG 298H Minus (SEQ ID NO: 52) aattCttatcaGAAGCCCACCTCCTCCTCCTCCTGAGCCTCCAGCCATGC AGCCGCCCG

The resulting plasmid was named 298H GMCSF-HIVACAT, accession number DSM 25555). See FIG. 1. Removal of the FLAG tag was confirmed by PCR sequencing using antisense primers (from the polyA BGH region).

Example 1 In-Vitro Expression Studies

Several transient transfections were performed to assess expression, localization and stability of the HIVACAT T cell immunogen.

Briefly, 1×10⁶ human 293 cells in complete DMEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were plated on to 60 mm tissue culture dishes and allowed to adhere overnight. HEK 293 cells were transfected by CaPhosphate DNA co-precipitation with a total of 7 μg of DNA (100 ng or 250 ng of the 297H GMCSF-HIVACAT-FLAG plasmid DNA, 50 ng of GFP expressing plasmid pFRED143 topped up to 7 μg with Bluescript DNA).

6 hours after transfection the medium were replaced with 3 ml of DMEM supplemented with 2% of FCS. After 24 and 48 hrs the cells and the supernatants were collected in 0.5×RIPA.

Protein expression was analyzed by Western immunoblots. 1/250 of the total of the cell extracts and supernatants were loaded. The proteins were resolved by electrophoresis on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels (Nu-Page Bis-Tris, NuPAGE, Invitrogen, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif., US) and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes.

297H plasmid was detected upon probing the membranes with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, Mo., US) at a 1:3.000 dilution.

Bands were visualized using ECL. Membranes were imaged on a ChemiDoc XRS+.

Positive controls were used and included plasmid DNA encoding for Glade B p55 Gag, which also harbored the FLAG tag.

Cell extracts from transient transfections using the 298H plasmid (encoding for the HIVACAT T cell immunogen without the FLAG-tag) were probed with human serum from an HIV-1 infected subject at a 1:3.000 dilution followed by a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated human anti-IgG, dilution 1:10.000.

297H and 298H plasmids stably (same estimated amount at 24 h and 48 h) expressed the HIVACAT T cell immunogen construct, which was visualized at the cell extract compartment. There was no evidence of secretion of the construct.

Example 2 Cellular Response in Mice

A stock of 1 ml (2 mg/ml) of 298H GMCSF-HIVACAT DNA was produced endofree for in vivo studies in mice.

Immunogenicity of the HIVACAT T cell immunogen was evaluated in 6-8 weeks old female C57BL/6 mice (Charles River Labs, Inc., Frederick, Md., US).

20 μg and 5 μg of DNA was delivered intramuscularly by electroporation using the Inovio system (Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Blue Bell, Pa., US) in the left and right quadriceps (20 μg/50 μl per dose, 25 μl per site) at week 0 and 4. Mice were sacrificed 2 weeks after the last immunization. Mice splenocytes and serum were harvested for immunogenicity studies. Control DNAs used were:

-   -   1) 114H p55 gag clade B: expresses full gag protein;     -   2) 132H NTV: expresses a chimaeric protein of nef, tat and vif;     -   3) 133H pol: expresses full pol protein; and     -   4) BV4 CMV-kan-Basic: SHAM control, similar DNA plasmid backbone         without any expressed transgene.

35 mice were used in the experiment, pooling 5 mice per group. Distribution of the immunization per group was as follows:

Inocula DNA/Site Groups number Delivery Dose (quadriceps) n 1 114 p55 gag clade B I.M. Inovio 20 μg 25 mL/site 5 2 114 p55 gag clade B + I.M. Inovio 20 μg 25 mL/site 5 132H NTV + 133 pol each 3 298H GMCSF-HIVACAT I.M. Inovio 20 μg 25 mL/site 5 4 114 p55 gag clade B I.M. Inovio  5 μg 25 mL/site 5 5 114 p55 gag clade B + I.M. Inovio  5 μg 25 mL/site 5 132H NTV + 133 pol each 6 298H GMCSF-HIVACAT I.M. Inovio  5 μg 25 mL/site 5 7 (SHAM) BV4 CMVKan-Basic I.M. Inovio 20 μg 25 mL/site 5

Cellular immune responses were characterized on a first step using intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in pooled splenocytes (cells from the 5 mice belonging to group) and using a pool of overlapping peptides covering all gag, pol, nef, tat and vif proteins.

Briefly, pooled isolated mouse splenocytes from each group of mice were incubated at a density if 2×10⁶ cells/ml, in 1 ml co-culture overnight, in the presence of peptide pools (15-mers, overlapping by 11aa covering Glade B gag, consensus B pol and NL43 nef, tat and vif sequences, 1 μg/ml each peptide, total of about 12 hours, 1 hour without Golgi stop to prevent cytokine secretion). Surface immunostaining was performed with CD3-allophycocyanin-Cy7, CD4-PerCP, CD8-Pacific Blue (BD Biosciences, Inc., Franklin Lakes, N.J., US). Intracellular cytokine staining was performed using interferon gamma-FITC antibody (BD Biosciences, Inc., Franklin Lakes, N.J., US) after permeabilization.

From the first immunogenicity analyses, both 20 μg and 5 μg of DNA in C57BL/6 mice did generate detectable interferon gamma −+ responses to full gag, pol and nef-tat-vif peptide pools. See FIG. 2 a. Distribution of CD4+ and CD8+ responses is shown. See FIG. 2 b.

At an individual mice level, responses were deconvoluted using frozen splenocytes stimulated with 8 pools of peptides to cover the protein subunits included in the immunogen in an interferon gamma ELISpot assay.

ELISpot assay was performed by using mouse interferon gamma ELISpot kit (ALP) (Mabtech AB, Stockholm, SE) following the manufacturer's instructions with minor modifications. For all assays, mice splenocytes were added at an input cell number of 4×10⁵ cells/well in 140 μl of Rosewell Park Memorial Institute medium 1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum in 96-well polyvinylidene plates (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass., US) alone or with HIV-1-specific peptide pools (14 μg/ml final concentration for each peptide) for 16 hours at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Eight pools of peptides, each containing between 2 and 12 peptides of 18 amino acids based on the 2001 consensus-B sequence were pooled into the different protein subunits (gag-p17, gag-p24, gag-p2p7p1p6, pol-RT, pol-protease, pol-integrase, vif and nef) spanning the segments included in the HIVACAT T cell immunogen. See http://hiv-web.lanl.gov/content/hiv-db/CONSENSUS/M_GROUP/Consensus.html, January 2012. The HIV peptides pools used in mice immunized with DNAs expressing full gag, pol, nef, tat and vif proteins, consisted of 18-mers peptides with an overlap of 11 residues spanning the complete gag (6 pools, 11 peptides/each), pol (8 pools, 16 or 17 peptides/each), nef (2 pools, 13 o 14 peptides/each), tat (1 pool, 12 peptides) and vif (2 pools, 12 peptides/each) proteins.

Concavalin A (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, Mo., US), at 5 mg/ml, was used as a positive control. The plates were developed with one-step 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/Nitroblue Tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Irvine, Calif., US). The spots on the plates were counted using an automated ELISPOT reader system (CTL Analyzers LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, US) using ImmunoSpot software and the magnitude of responses was expressed as spot forming cells (SFC) per million input splenocytes. The threshold for positive responses was defined as at least 5 spots per well and responses exceeding the “mean number of spots in negative control wells plus 3 standard deviations of the negative control wells” and “three times the mean of negative control wells”, whichever was higher.

1) Dominance of interferon gamma responses developed in mice immunized with plasmids encoding for the entire gag, pol, nef, tat and vif proteins was towards regions outside the HIVACAT T cell immunogen covered segments (median ratio of responses targeting HIVACAT immunogen regions/total gag+pol+nef+tat+vif was 0.26 (range 0.17-0.42)) and did not differ among groups immunized with high dose (20 μg) or low dose (5 μg) of DNA. See FIG. 3

2) Median breadth of responses to protein subunits included in the HIVACAT T cell immunogen sequence was 4 (range 2-5) in mice immunized with 20 μg of HIVACAT vs 2 responses (range 1-3) in mice immunized with 20 μg of plasmids encoding for entire proteins (ns) with no significant differences in the magnitude of responses. Six out of the eight protein subunits were at least targeted once in the mice immunized with the HIVACAT T cell immunogen. See FIG. 4.

HIVACAT Mice making a T cell response Mice making a immunogen Pool Peptides/ (groups Gag- response (groups segments HIV-1 protein number pool Pol-NTV) HIVACAT) Seg-1 gag-p17 HTI-pool1 10 0/10 3/10 Seg-2 gag-p24 HTI-pool2 12 10/10  10/10  Seg-3 gag-p24 Seg-4 gag-p24 Seg-5 gag-p24 Seg-6 gag-p24 Seg-7 gag-p2p7p1p6 HTI-pool3 3 0/10 0/10 Seg-8 pol-protease HTI-pool4 6 4/10 7/10 Seg-9 pol-RT HTI-pool5 11 5/10 9/10 Seg-10 pol-RT Seg-11 pol-RT Seg-12 pol-integrase HTI-pool6 4 0/10 0/10 Seg-13 pol-integrase Seg-14 vif HTI-pool7 4 3/10 2/10 Seg-15 vif Seg-16 nef HTI-pool8 2 0/10 1/10

4) Dominance of responses in mice immunized with plasmids encoding the full proteins of gag, pol, nef, tat and vif was 89% driven mainly towards gag, while in mice immunized with the HIVACAT T cell immunogen at high doses was more balanced to all protein components (gag, pol, vif and nef) contained in the immunogen. See FIG. 5.

Example 3 Humoral Response in Mice

Humoral responses were first analyzed in pooled mice sera. Binding antibodies to p24, p37 and p55 were detected by western immunoblot by using cell extracts from HEK 293 cells transfected with the 1 mg of gag expression vectors separated on 12% SDS-Page and probing the membranes with pooled sera from mice (at a 1:100 dilution). Antibody titers to gag p24 were measured by ELISA. Serial 4-fold dilutions of the pooled serum samples were assessed and the optical absorbance at 450 nm was determined (Advanced BioScience Lab, Inc., Kensington, Md., US). The binding titers were reported as the highest dilution scoring positive having a value higher than the average plus 3 standard deviations obtained with control sera from the mice immunized with SHAM DNA.

a) From the first humoral immunogenicity analyses, the HIVACAT T cell immunogen induced binding antibody responses to gag p55, p37 and p24 detectable by Western blot in the group of mice immunized with 20 μg. See FIG. 6.

b) Binding antibodies to p24 were quantified by ELISA. The endpoint titers of gag-p24 specific binding antibody from the mice that received the plasmids described were determined by ELISA from individual serial 4-fold diluted pooled serum samples. In the high dose group of mice immunized with HIVACAT T cell immunogen at a titre of 1:4,000 which were lower to the titers detected in mice immunized with the full gag construct. No binding antibodies to p24 were measurable in the low dose group. See FIG. 7 a. At an individual mice level, in house developed gag p55 ELISA using the HIV-1IIIB pr55 gag recombinant protein (Cat. No. 3276, NIH Reagent Program, Bethesda, Md., US) was performed with mice sera at 1:100 dilution. Low levels of antibody were detectable in 2 out of 3 mice immunized with the high dose of the immunogen. See FIG. 7 b.

Example 4 Heterologous Prime/Boost In-Vivo Immunogenicity in Mice Material and Methods

Preparation of pDNA-HIVACAT and MVA-HIVACAT Vaccines

The codon-optimized T cell immunogen was cloned into the mammalian expression plasmid BV5, which consists of a modified CMV basic plasmid backbone optimized for growth in bacteria that harbors the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation site and the kanamycin resistance gene—lacking the Xho site. The plasmid DNA for mice immunizations was prepared using the Endo-Free Megaprep (Qiagen) and stored −80° C. until use.

A recombinant MVA expressing the HIVACAT gene was made as described previously {Letourneau, 2007 #235; Nkolola, 2004 #321}. Briefly, chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells grown in Dulbeco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 10% FBS, penicillin/streptomycin and glutamine (DMEM 10) were infected with parental MVA at MOI 1 and transfected using Superfectin (Quiagen) with 3 ug of pDNA-HIVACAT carrying the β-galactosidase gene as a marker. Two days later, the total virus was harvested and used to re-infect CEF cells. MVA was subjected to five round of plaque purification, after which a master virus stock was grown, purified on a 36% sucrose cushion, tittered and stored at −80° C. until use.

In-Vivo Immunogenicity in C57BL/6 Mice.

For heterologous prime/boost in-vivo immunogenicity experiments in mice, groups of five 6- to 8-weeks-old female C57BL/6 (Harlan Laboratories Ltd., Barcelona, Spain) were used. Mice were primed intramuscularly with 100 μg of pDNA-HIVACAT (2 or 3 vaccinations) followed by a 10̂6 pfu of MVA-HIVACAT boost (groups: 2×DNA, 3×DNA, 2×DNA+1MVA and 3×DNA+1MVA respectively) All vaccinations were separated by three weeks.

All mice were sacrificed two weeks after the last vaccination in each experiment. Mice splenocytes and serum were harvested for immunogenicity studies. Spleens were removed and pressed individually through a cell strainer (Falcon) using a 5-ml syringe rubber punger. Following rbc lysis, splenocytes were washed and resuspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS, penicillin/streptomycin (R10) and frozen until use.

All animal procedures and care were approved by a local Ethical Comitte.

Overlapping Peptides and Distribution of Peptide Pools

To evaluate immunogenicity of the heterologous regimens were pDNA or MVA expressing only the HIVACAT T-cell immunogen and to rule out immunogenicity of the potential junctional epitopes an overlapping peptide set of 147 peptides of 15 amino acids in length (overlapping by 11 residues) spanning the entire HIVACAT T-cell immunogen (including the leader sequence and linkers regions) was newly synthesized using 9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-chemistry. Peptides were distributed in 18 different pools, according to protein subunits and segments of the immunogen (1 pool for the signal peptide sequence, n=4 peptides; 7 pools for Gag, n=8-11 peptides/each; 7 pools for Pol, n=5-11 peptides/each; 2 pools for Vif, n=6-8 peptides/each and 1 pool for Nef, n=2 peptides) Results are presented grouped by IFNγ responses specific for the eight protein subunits (Gag p17, Gag p24, Gag p2p7p1p6, Pol-Protease, Pol-RT, Pol-Integrase, Vif and Nef)

Murine INFγ ELISPOT Assay

ELISpot assay was performed by using mouse IFNγ ELISpot kit (ALP) (Mabtech AB, Stockholm, SE) following the manufacturer's instructions with minor modifications. For all assays, frozen mice splenocytes were first thawed and rested for 5 h 37° C. in R10 before use. Cells were added at an input cell number of 4×10⁵ cells/well in 140 μl of R10 in 96-well polyvinylidene plates (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass., US) alone or with HIV-1-specific peptide pools (14 m/ml final concentration for each peptide) for 16 hours at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Concavalin A (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Saint Louis, Mo., US), at 5 mg/ml, was used as a positive control. The plates were developed with one-step 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/Nitroblue Tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Irvine, Calif., US). The spots on the plates were counted using an automated ELISPOT reader system (CTL Analyzers LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, US) using ImmunoSpot software and the magnitude of responses was expressed as spot forming cells (SFC) per million input splenocytes. The threshold for positive responses was defined as at least 5 spots per well and responses exceeding the “mean number of spots in negative control wells plus 3 standard deviations of the negative control wells” and “three times the mean of negative control wells”, whichever was higher.

Results

In these experiments as no mice were immunized using plasmids encoding for full proteins, a second set of overlapping peptides matching the exact immunogen sequence was synthesized and used for immunogenicity comparisons. Three intramuscular (i.m.) immunisations with 100 μg of pDNA-HIVACAT were able to induce frequencies of IFNγ responses in all mice that were comparable to the frequencies of IFNγ responsed induced by immunisations with the electroporation Inovio system. However, two pDNA i.m. vaccinations were found to be immunogenic in only three animals (60%) compared to 100% of animals inducing a responses after three pDNA i.m. immunizations. Interestingly, MVA-HIVACAT vaccine was able to boost responses both in breadth and magnitude, (FIG. 8B) in the two groups analyzed, but did just significantly increase the magnitude of responses when mice had previously been primed with three doses of pDNA-HIVACAT (FIGS. 8B and 8C). As seen in the previous EP experiments, a balanced and broad response to most of all the protein-subunits included in the immunogen was observed in all animals, without a clear pattern of dominance among them. No nef or gag-p15 specific responses were detected in the studied mice (FIG. 8D).

While the invention is described in some detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art from a reading of this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention and appended claims.

All publications mentioned hereinabove are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference. 

1-27. (canceled)
 28. An immunogenic polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising the sequences SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or variants of said SEQ ID NO: 1-16, wherein each of said variants has a length of at least 8 amino acids, with the provisos that said amino acid sequence does not comprise any sequence stretches derived from the HIV genome of a length of 8 or more amino acids other than an are acid sequence according to any of SEQ OD NOs 1-16 or the variants thereof.
 29. The immunogenic polypeptide according to claim 28, wherein at least two sequences are connected by an amino acid linker, Wherein said tinker results in the formation of an AAA sequence region in the junction region between adjoining sequences.
 30. The immunogenic polypeptide according to claim 28 having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:
 49. 31. The immunogen according to claim 28, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises at least one antiretroviral resistance mutation site, and, preferably, wherein said antiretroviral resistance mutation site is located in any of SEQ ID NOs 9-11.
 32. The immunogen according to claim 28, further comprising a signal peptide at the N-terminus.
 33. The immunogen according to claim 28, wherein said variant has a length of 8 to 40 amino acids, more preferably, a length of 11 to 27 amino acids.
 34. The immunogen according to claim 28, wherein the C-terminal amino acid of said variant is neither G, P, E, D, Q, N, T, S, nor C.
 35. The immunogen according to claim 28, wherein said variant is selected from the group consisting of the peptides according to SEQ ID NOs 17-45.
 36. The immunogen according to claim 28, wherein said variant is fused to a heat shock protein.
 37. A nucleic acid encoding for the immunogen of claim
 28. 38. The nucleic acid according to claim 37 which has been codon optimized for expression in human cells.
 39. The nucleic acid of claim 38, wherein said nucleic acid has the sequence according to SEQ ID NO
 50. 40. An expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid of claim 37, as promoter sequence, a 3′-UTR and, optionally, to selection marker.
 41. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid claim
 37. 42. A virus comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 37. 43. The virus according to claim 42, wherein said virus is a Modified Vaccine Ankara virus.
 44. A cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 37. 45. A vaccine comprising the immunogenic polypeptide according to claim 28 and one or more adjuvants.
 46. A method for the prevention or treatment of an HIV infection or a disease associated with an HIV infection in subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject the immunogenic peptide of claim 28 and/or as nucleic acid encoding said immunogenic peptide.
 47. The method according to claim 46, wherein the method comprises a first and a second sequential administration wherein said first and second administration comprises independently the administration of said immunogenic peptide, said nucleic acid, said expression cassette, said expression vector, said virus, said cell or said vaccine.
 48. The method according to claim 47, Wherein the first immunogenic peptide, nucleic acid, expression cassette, expression vector, virus, cell or vaccine is different from the second immunogenic peptide, nucleic acid, expression cassette, expression vector, virus, cell or vaccine.
 49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the method comprises the administration of an expression vector followed by the administration of a virus wherein the virus is a Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus.
 50. The method according to claim 49, wherein the expression vector according is administered at least twice.
 51. An immunogenic polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of the SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or a variant thereof, wherein said variant has a length of at least 8 amino acids, with the provisos that: i) said amino acid sequence does not comprise any sequence stretches derived from the HIV genome of a length of 8 or more amino acids other than an amino acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs 1-16 or the variant thereof; and ii) when the immunogen comprises only one sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-16, then this sequence is not selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6 and
 16. 